Doğan Erbek

The integration and strengthening of the European financial market remain critical priorities as the European Union aims to build a more unified, efficient, and competitive capital market. Despite decades of progress since the Treaty of Rome and the Financial Services Action Plan of 1999, significant fragmentation persists in Europe’s capital markets. This fragmentation limits cross-border …

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In recent years, precious metals have taken on a significantly more strategic role in global geopolitics. Traditionally valued for their rarity and use as financial safe havens, metals like gold, silver, platinum, and palladium are now central to national security, industrial policy, and the global energy transition. This shift reflects broader changes in the international …

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Regenerative finance goes beyond minimizing harm to actively restoring ecosystems. While sustainability has long been the benchmark for responsible development, regenerative finance (ReFi) is emerging as a more ambitious and transformative approach. Where sustainability focuses on reducing negative impacts, ReFi aims to create positive, restorative outcomes for both the environment and society. This shift in …

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Deglobalization is reshaping how nations access and manage critical resources. Deglobalization refers to the retreat from global economic integration, marked by reduced trade, investment, and cross-border cooperation. This shift is driven by geopolitical tensions, national security concerns, and the desire for economic self-sufficiency. As countries pull back from global interdependence, critical resource supply chains, which …

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